a. Spoof/Recount
·
Social function: To retell an event with humorous twist
·
Generic structure:
1. Orientation:
sets the scene
2. Events:
Tell what happened
3. Twist:
provides the ‘punch line’
·
Significant Lexica-grammatical features
1. Focus on individual participant
2. Use of material processes
3. Circumstances of time and place
4. Use of past tense
b. Recount
·
Social function: to retell events for
the purpose of informing or entertaining
·
Generic structure:
1. Orientation:
provides the setting and introduces participants
2. Events:
tell what happened, in what sequence
3. Reorientation:
optional-closure of events
·
Significant Lexica grammatical Features
1. Focus on individual participant
2. Use of material processes
3. Circumstance of time and place
4. Use of past tense
5. Focus on temporal sequence
c. Report
·
Social function: to describe the way
things are, with reference to a range of natural, man-made and social phenomena
in our environment
·
Schematic structure:
1. General classification:
tells what the phenomenon under discussions is
2. Description: tell what the phenomenon under
discussion is like in term of:
a.
Parts (and their functions)
b.
Qualities
c.
Habits or behaviors
·
Significant Lexica-grammatical Features
1.
Focus on Generic participants
2. Use
of relational process to state what is and which it is
3. No
temporal sequence
d. Discussion
·
Social function: to present (at least)
two points of view about an issue.
·
Generic structure:
1. Issue:
statement and preview
2. Argument:
point, elaboration and conclusion or recommendation
Significant Lexica-grammatical Features
1. Focus on generic
human and generic non-human participants
2. Use of material process, relational process
and mental process
3. Use of comparative: contrastive consequential
conjunctions
4. Reasoning expressed as verbs and nouns
(abstraction)
e. Explanation
·
Social function: to explain the
processes involved in the formation or workings of natural or socio-cultural
phenomena.
·
Generic structure:
1. A
general statements to position the reader
2. A sequence
explanation of why or how something occurs
·
Significant Lexica-grammatical Features
1. Focus
on generic, non-human participants
2. Use
mainly of material and relational processes
3. Use mainly of temporal and causal circumstances
and conjunction.
4. Use
of simple past tense
5.
Some use of passive voice to theme right.
f. Analytical Exposition
·
Social function: to persuade the reader
or listener that something is the case
·
Schematic structure:
1. Thesis
a.
Position: introduces topic and indicates writer’s position
b. preview: outlines the main arguments to
be presented
2. Arguments
a.
point: restates the main argument outlined in preview
b.
elaboration:develops and supports
each point/argument
3. Reiteration: restates writer’s position
·
Significant Lexica-grammatical Features
1. Focus
on generic human and non-human participants
2. Use of simple past tense
3. Use
of relational processes
4. Use of internal conjunction to stage argument
5. Reasoning through causal conjunction or
nominalization
g. Hortatory Exposition
·
Social function: to persuade the reader
or listener that something should or should not the case
·
Generic structure
1. Thesis: announcement of issue of concern
2. Argument: reasons for concern, leading to
recommendation
3. Recommendation: statement of what ought to or
ought no to happen
·
Significant Lexica-grammatical Features
1.
Focus on generic human and non-human participants
2. Use
of:
a.
Mental process: to state what writer thinks or feels about an issue
b.
Material processes: to state what happens
c.
Relational processes: to state what is or should
3.
Use of simple present tense
h. News Item
· Social function: to inform reader or
viewers about events of the day which are considered newsworthy or important
· Generic structure:
1. Newsworthy events: recounts the events in
summary form
2. Background events: elaborate what happened, to
whom, in what circumstances
3. Sources: comments by participants in,
witnesses to and authorities’ expert on the event
·
Significant Lexica-grammatical
Features:
1. Short, telegraphic information about story
captured in headline
2. Use
of material processes to retell the events
3. Use of projecting verbal processes
in sources stage
4. Focus on circumstances.
i. Anecdote
·
Social function: to share with others
an account of an unusual or amusing incidents
·
Generic structure:
1. Abstract:
signals the retelling of an unusual incident
2. Orientation:
sets the scene
3. Crisis:
provides details of the un usual incidents
4. Reaction:
reaction to crisis
5. Coda: optional-reflection on or evaluation of
the incidents.
·
Significant Lexica-grammatical Features
1.
Use of exclamation, rhetorical question,
and intensifiers to point up the significant of the events
2.
Use of material processes to tell what
happened
3.
Use of temporal conjunction
j. Narrative
·
Social function: to amuse, entertain
and to deal with actual or vicarious experience in different ways; it deals
with problematic events which lead to a crisis or turning point of some kind,
which in turn finds a resolution.
·
Generic structure:
1. Orientation: sets the scene and introduces the
participants
2. Evaluation:
a stepping back to evaluate the plight
3. Complication:
a crisis arises
4. Resolution:
the crisis is resolved for better or worse
5. Reorientation:
optional
·
Significant Lexico-grammatical Features
1. Focus
on specific and usually individualized participant
2. Use
of material processes
3. Use
of relational processes and mental processes
4. Use of temporal conjunctions and temporal
circumstances
5. Use
of past tense
k. Procedure
·
Social function: to describe how
something is accomplished through a sequence of actions or steps.
·
Generic structure:
1. Goal
2. Material
(not required for all procedural text)
3. Steps (i.e. goal followed by series of steps
oriented to achieving the goal).
·
Significant Lexico-grammatical Features
1. Focus
on generalized human agents
2. Use
of simple present tense, often imperative
3. Use
mainly temporal conjunctions
4. Use
mainly of material processes
l. Description
·
Social function: to describe a
particular person, place or thing.
·
Generic structure:
1. Identification: identifies the phenomenon to be
described
2. Description:
describes part, qualities, characteristics
·
Significant Lexico-grammatical
1. Focus
on specific participants
2. Use
of attributive and identifying process
3. Frequent use of epithets and classifiers in
nominal groups
4. Use of simple present tense.
m. Reviews
·
Social function: to critique an art work or event for public
audience. Such works of a art include; movie, TV shows, books, plays, operas,
recordings, exhibitions, concerts, and ballets.
·
Generic structure:
1. Orientation:
places the work in its general and particular context, often by comparing it
with others of its kind or through analogue with non-art object or event.
2. Interpretative
recount:summarizes the plot and or
provides an account of how the reviewed rendition of the work came into being;
is optional but if present, often recursive.
3.
Evaluation:provides an evaluation of the
work and or its performance or production; is usually recursive.
4. Evaluative summation:provides a kind of punch line which sums up the interviewer’s
opinion of the art event as a whole; is optional.
·
Significant Lexico-grammatical Features
1. Focus on particular participants
2. Direct expression of opinions through use of
attitudinal lexis (value-laden vocabulary) including; attitudinal epithets in
nominal groups; qualitative attributives and affective mental processes
3. Use of elaborating and extending clause and
group complexes to package the information
4. Use a metaphorical language.
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